Clifford, Clark McAdams

Clifford, Clark McAdams Clifford, Clark McAdams, 1906â€"98, U.S. government official, b. Fort Scott, Kans. Admitted to the bar in 1928, he engaged in private practice before serving (1944â€"46) in the U.S. navy. As special adviser (1946â€"50) to President Harry S. Truman , Clifford was influential in foreign policy, defense, and labor matters; he helped to formulate the Truman Doctrine (1947) and the legislation that created (1949) the Department of Defense. He also planned Truman's successful 1948 campaign strategy. After another period of private law practice, Clifford served (1961â€"63) as a foreign policy adviser to President John F. Kennedy and then became (1963) chairman of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. In this capacity he supervised all U.S. espionage operations and played a crucial role in determining U.S. policy in Vietnam. As Secretary of Defense (1968â€"69) in Lyndon B. Johnson 's cabinet, Clifford came to oppose further American participation in the Vietnam War , concluding that it was unwinnable. He went on to become a wealthy corporate lawyer. Clifford was chairman (1982â€"91) of First American Bankshares, which was secretly and illegally owned by the foreign Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). In 1992 he was indicted on charges stemming from BCCI's secret ownership of First American, but the charges were dismissed (1993) for health reasons. See his autobiography (1991); see also D. Frantz and D. McKean, Friends in High Places (1995). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Lewis Addison Armistead And The Civil War - 749 Words

Lewis Addison Armistead was a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. He participated in the Mexican American War, the Mojave War, and the Civil War. Armistead’s heritage included great participation in the military of the United States and ties to Virginia during the colonial period. Armistead was born February 18, 1817 in New Bern, North Carolina. Lewis came from a high-ranking military family. His father, George Armistead was the commander of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812, and his grandfather, John Stanly was a United Stated Congressman, and uncle Edward Stanly was a military governor of Eastern North Carolina during the Civil War. Due to his family connection to the United States military and government, Lewis attended the West Point in 1834. He attended West Point as a cadet until he broke a plate over Jubal Early’s head, which led to his dismissal in 1836. Along with the misconduct, he had troubles academically with French cla ss. After his dismissal he was still able to attain a spot in the Sixth US Infantry as second lieutenant on July 10, 1839 from George Armistead’s help. Later he was promoted to First Lieutenant in 1844 after serving under his father in the Second Seminole War. Lewis then married his wife Cecilia Lee Love later that year. According to militaryhistory.about.com Cecilia was a distant cousin of Robert E. Lee. They had two children named Walker Keith and Flora Lee. After their marriage, Lewis and Cecilia

The Real World Can Be A Very Dangerous Path - 1770 Words

It is important to have a solid belief in what you’re living is â€Å"real† without a belief that the world you’re living in right now is the real world can be a very dangerous path. I know that this world is the â€Å"real world†, this recognition of this world as being the true real world is vital to having a true impact on this world in all aspects of life socially, economically, and spiritually. This knowledge of living in the â€Å"Real world† is so important because, if I believe that this isn’t the one true world where we live in then who’s to say you even attempt to do anything positive in this life. There’s a possibility for those who don’t see this as the real world to not contribute anything to society when they may be here on earth for a specific reason to share their gifts with the world. Personally I know and believe this is the real world which prepares ourselves for the next life with God and we must commit our lives to God and do Godly/ spiritual works here on earth so we can get to heaven with God. I learned through reading the bible that human works cannot get you into heaven and you must give your life to Christ. In Matthew 19:16-26 it is said, â€Å"16 And behold, a man came up to him, saying, â€Å"Teacher, what good deed must I do to have eternal life?† 17 And he said to him, â€Å"Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments.† 18 He said to him, â€Å"Which ones?† And Jesus said, â€Å"You shall not murder, You shallShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Source In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty1287 Words   |  6 Pagesexample the colors white, red and blue symbolize freedom in the United States, it also represents the United States flag. Symbols are also used in movies like the h unger games catching fire; their symbol is a mocking bird with an arrow on it. A Worn Path is about a long walk through the woods an old lady named Phoenix Jackson has to go through every time her grandson runs out of medicine. A long time ago her grandson swallowed lye that ruined his throat, the medicine is the only thing that relivesRead MoreSimilarities Between The Sound Of Thunder And The Veldt1439 Words   |  6 Pagescross paths with A Tyrannosaurus rex. Eckels and the others kill the reptile and Eckels becomes traumatized. He then proceeds by stepping on a path a crushes a butterfly under his boot accidentally. He doesn’t find out until he gets back to the future to see a new timeline. â€Å"The Veldt† is about a family who lives in a fifties-esque common concoction of a future home. The HappyLife Home is a type of smart home. The home has a room called the nursery that the kids and parents go into. It can be comparedRead MoreThe Internet : The Dangers Of The Internet1420 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships and find our purpose is provin g itself to be hazardous to society. The internet evolves continuously, leaving people and their ideas behind. Relationships, professional progress, and fads can come and go in an instant. At the beginning of the day a man could be at the top of the world and within moments lose all of his hard work and progress- leaving him a shell of himself days or even hours prior. It is this constant evolution and growing dependence on the internet in all areas of lifeRead MoreCsi vs. Ncis601 Words   |  3 Pagesthe real world. CSI shows how dangerous the job can be by agents getting killed in a crime scene, which also shows how it can affects the investigations. NCIS (Naval Criminal Investigation Service), on the other hand, is a real government agency that only focuses on crimes that involve the military and the show NCIS is deals with many of the same cases as the real life agency. In my opinion, the more realistic show between CSI and NCIS would be NCIS. The show CSI is unrealistic to the real worldRead MoreSide Effects: Why drugs Are Poision Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages When you feel sick, overly worried, or just can not sleep what do? You go to see your doctor, right? After a normally long wait in the office you are finally seen. You go over your symptoms with your doctor and he checks you for signs of whatever might be the cause of your problem and gives you some medication(s) to take. A very standard depiction of Western Medicine would you not say? The depiction has became the normal way we conduct our lives when it comes to any sickness. However the medicationsRead MoreThe Fear Of Robots From Star Wars1414 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome apparent that, in some ways, we depend on robots and we benefit remarkably from what they can do. Robots are in the industrial, medical, domestic, and military fields as well as many others. In the industrial field, robots play a vital role in saving businesses money, increasing efficiency, and even saving the lives of human employees. Robots do not require a paycheck or any breaks, as they can work constantly while maintaining a steady speed, thus saving the business money. While saving moneyRead MoreThe Awesome World of Entrepreneurship Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity who offer graduate courses and the University of Houston and Princeton University who offers undergraduate course. What if there was a path to take in order to become an entrepreneur? First, you have to start with hard work, dedication, late night, continuous research, networking, sales skills, and thinking outside of the box (Mellon 1). Its also very important to choose related jobs that are similar to entrepreneurship like: being an owner, manager, director, president, and chief executiveRead MoreSho rt Story Compare/Contrast1439 Words   |  6 PagesFiction Essay ENGL 102: Composition and Literature MLA Outline THESIS: In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, imagery and characterization are employed to illustrate the ever present inner darkness of humanity. However, the authors set very different themes in how their protagonists reflect upon and respond to being faced with it. Both men must choose whether they will reject and confront evil or simply abide it with apathy. Read MoreGrowing Up Tethered By Sherry Turkle Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical world and emerge into the â€Å"online† world, you find that this just might actually be accurate in this realm. The World Wide Web has had so much to offer to us since the early 1990s, but with this comes controversy. Unleashed onto a plane of seemingly immeasurable freedom of anonymity, was the world ready for such responsibility? Since those early days when new emerging technology changed our lives immensely, have we at all become a better place, or have we bitten off more than we can chew, andRead MoreAll Our Names By Charles Dickens1243 Words   |  5 PagesHighlight of Humanity Dinaw Mengestu’s riveting novel, All Our Names, is a story about so many complex aspects of life and revolves around a theme of humanity. It can, more or less, be viewed as two separate stories that eventually collide with the characters from each representing diverse views of what it means to be human. With vastly different experiences being represented, the reader is able to see the struggle of people trying to survive in a country torn by politics as well as the struggle

Battle of the Somme and Source Free Essays

How far does Source 3 challenge the impression given in Sources 1 and 2 that the Battle of the Somme had achieved worthwhile objectives? Having analysed all 3 sources, it can be said that source 3 significantly challenges sources 1 and 2 giving an entirely different perspective on the battle of the Somme. Source 1 is an extract from Sir Douglas Haig’s final dispatch, published in March 1919. This source begins to describe the Battle of the Somme as a tremendous victory. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of the Somme and Source or any similar topic only for you Order Now Haig claims that â€Å"The three main objectives†¦ had been achieved. † Haig also then begins to describe the three objectives, â€Å"Verdun had been relieved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"German forces had been held down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"the enemy’s strength had been considerably worn down†. Haig also claims that as the objectives had been â€Å"achieved† this was enough to â€Å"†¦justify the Somme Battle. † This source was published shortly after the war in 1919, but was a few years after the Battle of the Somme allowing some time for the truth about the events of the battle to emerge. The source has some limitations as it was an extract from Haig’s own writing, who was Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces therefore the source may be bias towards Britain and their success in the battle. The purpose of the source was to inform people of Haig’s perception of the battle and due to this being one person’s view, the accuracy of the source cannot be verified. Source 2 is extract from a book published in 1929 by Charles Carrington who was a Junior Officer during the time of the Battle. Similar to source 1, this source was written by someone who had authority in the armed forces, and describes the Battle of the Somme as another â€Å"moral† booster for the British Army. The author of the source states there was a â€Å"definite and growing sense of superiority over the enemy† and by the use of the word â€Å"definite† the use of facts is now apparent. In contrast, later on in the source Carrington states â€Å"we were quite sure at the time that we had got the Germans beaten†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and by using the phrase â€Å"quite sure† it is now apparent that facts are no longer the basis of this source. Unlike source 1 where Haig describes the Somme Battle as a complete victory, Carrington quickly states that â€Å"we did not win a decisive victory† but is quick to reverse this by stating â€Å"†¦next spring we would deliver the knock-out blow† showing that he feels the end of the war is near. This source was published many years after the war, but it was published by someone who was there, similar to source 1. Also similar to source 1, this source is the view of someone with authority and someone with a high ranking position within the armed forces therefore their opinion may be bias towards the Somme and the British Army. Source 3 is part of an interview with Corporal W. H. Shaw in the 1960s where Shaw is recalling the first day of the Battle. Already this source differs to sources 1 and 2 as it is no longer an extract but part of an interview. Shaw starts of the source with â€Å"we did not get anywhere, we never moved from the line, hardly†. This is different to source 1 where Haig claims â€Å"Verdun had been relieved†. Shaw states that â€Å"our men were just falling back into our trenches† which significantly differs to Carrington’s statement that â€Å"we had got the Germans beaten†. Shaw claims that the events of the some were â€Å"sheer bloody murder† and that â€Å"whatever was gained it wasn’t worth the price the men had to pay† which is in contrast with source 1 where Haig claims that the results of the Somme where â€Å"sufficient to justify† the battle. This purpose of this source is to spread light on the Somme battle and release the truth about the event. Because this source was by a member of the British Forces and who of which is supplying eyewitness accounts of the events at the front line, this source can be classes as highly reliable. Due to the date of the source, it can be argued that Shaw’s memory may be slightly skewed but due to the lack of censorship at this time compared to during the time of the war, Shaw can now freely speak about the events of the Somme. Throughout all 3 sources it is noticeable that soldiers and officers of a higher rank are more likely to support the Battle of the Somme and argue that it achieved its objectives. Throughout sources 1 and 2, Officer Carrington and General Haig are extremely supportive of the Somme battle. This is demonstrated by Haig’s claims of â€Å"the three main objectives†¦ had been achieved† and Carrington’s view that â€Å"we had got the Germans beaten†. However, neither of these men were likely to have engaged in any front line combat within the trenches during the Battle of the Somme. This is why source 3 proves very useful as an account of the first day at the Somme. Shaw describes the battle as â€Å"sheer bloody murder† and crushes Carrington’s claims of â€Å"superiority† with accounts such as â€Å"men were just falling back into the trench†. Therefore it can be argued that Source 3 significantly challenges the view given in sources 1 and 2 that the Battle of the Somme achieved its worthwhile objectives. How to cite Battle of the Somme and Source, Papers

Innovation Planning and Design Process

Introduction The process of innovation planning and designing plays a significant role in making an organization gain a competitive advantage. This process requires creative and competitive ideas from many individuals. It is employed in different functions such as production, inventory, and marketing. Organizations need employees with diverse sets of competencies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Innovation Planning and Design Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They enable organizations to develop, test, as well as commercialize new products. Managers provide employees with resources that are necessary for a company to accomplish its objectives. Innovation does not only involve taking products and services to the market, but also emphasizing on quality products and services. A good plan ensures high quality products and services, as well as enhanced employee performance. This paper addresses the innovative planning and design process within an organization. It analyzes the internal and external factors related to designing innovation strategies. It also discusses he importance of innovation systems, as well as the steps involved in the process of innovation planning and design. Internal and external factors related to innovation planning and design There are various internal and external factors that determine organization’s innovation strategies. The internal factors include the creativity of individuals in an organization, communication, relationships between employees and managements, and employee motivation (Rowe, 2008). In addition, employee perceptions of organizational change, innovation plan efficiency, and organizational assumptions determine the innovation strategies used by an organization. Communication is a significant factor that determines the success of designing innovation strategies. Organizations that set up and nurture efficient communication channels excel in their innovation strategies. Efficient communication ensures effective coordination of different business units in the organization. Furthermore, it ensures that products and services are made available at the right place and time. Good employee-management relationships also contribute largely to efficient designing of innovation strategies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employee relationships enhance sharing of an organization’s goals and eliminates constraints to organizational performance. It is also easy to influence employees to perceive organizational change positively, and hence accept and implement innovations in an organization without pausing barriers. Employee motivation also contributes to efficient designing of innovation strategies (White Bruton, 2011). Organizations that employ reward systems in their operations inspire employees and motivates th em to become more innovative in the workplace. This is because employees get encouraged to present new ideas and potential innovations relevant to organizations. An effective plan and design of innovation strategies is also a determinant factor in organizational performance. If poorly planned, an organization cannot achieve or accomplish its goals. In addition, organizational assumptions also determine the success of designing innovations. Consistent monitoring helps organizations to focus on base assumptions. The external factors include politics, competition, cultures, and competition among others. Politics influence innovation planning and designing process. Employees can perceive organizational change as a threat to their jobs. The people with relevant information about a certain technology that is employed in innovation are likely to benefit compared to those that lack it. This is because they gain the power to lead others in the innovation process. Organizational culture also determines the success of an innovation process. If the culture limits employee involvement in certain technological activities, then it means that innovation planning and design process will be affected. An organization gains an advantage if its culture allows employees to be part of the innovation process. Competitive pressures also contribute to an organization, adopting an innovation strategy to gain a competitive advantage. The factors involved in innovation systems design There are several factors involved in systems design. These include the availability of information, skills, intellectual property, funding, networks, and reputation among others (Von, 2008). Organizations prefer innovation systems that can help them obtain reliable and current information concerning markets, technologies, and research among others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Innovation Planning and Design Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Skills are very crucial in the innovation systems design. The design of these systems is also determined by the intellectual property, whereby, organizations develop and protect their knowledge by employing patents, copyrights, design registrations and trademarks among others. Considering that innovation is risky, organizations should invest time and money from their profits, borrowings, or any other external funding to make the process successful. Companies should be aware of this, and hence find enough capital for developing and implementing innovative systems. Networks also play a key role in making the process of innovation successful. For instance, companies depend on networks of other companies in making and supplying of resources, necessary for the design of innovative systems. They also rely on their services, which include design, advertising, and training among others. Depending on the innovation’s reputation for style, service, or status, organizatio ns employ the best innovation systems in their operations. The importance of innovation systems Innovation systems are associated with lots of benefits to organizations. First, they create breakthrough solutions to specific challenges, or opportunities in firms. This helps companies to gain a competitive edge in their markets. The systems also facilitate, encourage and promote ideas contributed by many talented individuals. This makes the innovation systems of organizations unique and competitive in all business functions. These systems also help organizations to save on time, by contracting months of works into days. This helps them to make huge profits, increase sales, and expand internationally, within a short period. An organization’s innovation system unites employees and management, enabling them to be committed in all steps of the innovation process. The innovation systems also play a significant role in helping both employees and managements in understanding complex i ssues in their organizations. They facilitate a collaboration of cross-cultures in organizations, and hence create a high performing workplace for individuals from different cultural backgrounds. With these systems, organizations are able to shift immediate implementations without difficulties.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The steps involved in innovation planning and design process Innovation planning and design process involves several steps. The major ones include systems review, systems design, and systems implementation (Davila, Epstein Shelton, 2012). In the first stage, an organization should understand its current state of innovation. It should review its formal and informal systems or processes, understand its perception or attitude towards innovation, and its requirements and resources in the innovation process. It should also identify outputs required in the process. The second step is to integrate and interface the innovative system with the current people, systems, and activities in an organization. The final step is to develop a better understanding of the innovation systems. It is also at this stage that organizations create detailed plans for the implementation of these new systems. Conclusion The process of innovation design and planning creates solutions, which improve the performan ce of organizations. This process identifies opportunities that organizations can utilize. The process has many other benefits to organizations. There are several internal and external factors that determine the design of the innovation systems. The primary steps involved in designing innovative systems include systems review, systems design, and systems implementation. References Davila, T., Epstein, M., Shelton, R. (2012). Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Rowe, A. J. (2008). Creative intelligence: Discovering the innovative potential in ourselves and others. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Von, S. B. (2008). Managing innovation, design and creativity. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons. White, M. A., Bruton, G. D. (2011). The management of technology and innovation: A strategic approach. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. This report on Innovation Planning and Design Process was written and submitted by user Frankl1nSt0rm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dutch Composers and Their Contributions to the Sacred Music of the Renaissance

Dutch Composers and Their Contributions to the Sacred Music of the Renaissance Free Online Research Papers Dutch Composers and Their Contributions to the Sacred Music of the Renaissance Modern day Holland, or more properly, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is a mix of old and new, foreign and domestic. It is a place of brotherhood and unity, where the population strives as one to continually reclaim itself from the ever encroaching sea. However, this was not always the case, as the Netherlands has only recently come to resemble the form in which the world sees her today. The story of Dutch sacred music is very similar to that of the area’s political history, one in which strife and struggles have forced the population to reinvent itself countless times, simply to keep the same economic condition which their ancestors had many years before. These struggles have played an extremely important role in the developments of all the arts in the area which is now separated into the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The political and religious issues of the period can be seen in the development of sacred music across the years, showing both foreign influences on the church music of the Netherlands, and Low Country influence into the sacred music of foreign lands, especially the liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church. Before the fifteenth century the state of Dutch music is not generally known, but after the year 1400, composers who considered themselves Netherlanders began to distinguish themselves from the prevailing French musicians which had come into the country under the rule of the Burgundians dukes. Indeed, The Encyclopedia of the Renaissance tells how the author of the oldest known musical dictionary, the Flemish author Tinctoris, stated in 1477 that music written more than forty years previously was not worth hearing, indicating that a new age of music had begun. This is not to say that the composers cultivated an â€Å"indigenous† style, as artists of this time period usually required a patron to provide them with sufficient living expenses to practice their craft, and the limited number of nobility in the Netherlands meant that musicians often had to travel a great distance and relocate several times in their lifetimes. This requirement of patronage limited the amount of change that artists could effect in these early years of Dutch composition. French state officials, who at this time were the most regular form of aristocrat in this part of Western Europe, and thus the most readily available patrons, generally brought their own musicians and artists from their home courts in Burgundy when they traveled northward to administer their appointed districts (Elders, 3). This required Dutch composers to attain an extraordinary level of skill to attain enough status to obtain a patron’s attention. However, the Dutch who had not yet been patronized by foreign dignitaries found themselves in a unique situation due to geographical considerations. They had to fulfill the requirements of their prospective patrons to obtain an income, while at the same time, they were too far removed from the rest of European society to be able to copy the popular styles from the rest of the continent. The great skill required to pick up foreign music from the traveling merchan ts and the adeptness the Netherlanders showed in composition meant that, by the year 1500, Dutch musicians were in almost all of the royal courts of Europe (Netherlands: Facts and Figures, 353). During this period, (1400 to about 1550), when French influence in Dutch music reached a pinnacle, the primary form of musical composition by Dutch composers was a French liturgical form called the motet. This is a form of polyphonic worship music derived from Biblical text and contemporary prayer books (Elders, 23). Upper voices of Latin polyphony, sung by the choir, were derived from existing sources, such as psalms or traditional liturgical sources, to satisfy the clergy and the traditions of the Church. The lower voices, which were usually sung by the lead soloist, (the cantor), are where the majority of creative composition can be found. These were in colloquial French, German, or Frisian, using figures of speech to either substitute for the Latin chant for the layperson or to paraphrase the meaning of the chant, thus allowing the common churchgoer to participate in a more meaningful way (Grove Dictionary, Definition: Trope, 780). This was often due to theological or political c hanges, where the Church or aristocratic hierarchy felt that their vassals should be empowered or disenfranchised, and thus instructed their composers to add or delete sections of the liturgical standards as necessary (Elders, 22). This interpretive technique became popular enough to endanger the sanctity of the liturgy itself, which was the impetus behind Pius V’s prohibition of tropes from the missal at the Council of Trent in 1563 (Webster’s, Definition: Trope, 2721). In spite of this ruling, however, the motet was still an important compositional technique in the Netherlands as late as the 1670’s, with the publication of ten concertante motets by Carel Haquart of Amsterdam in 1674 (Klis 147). While these compositional techniques were not extensively developed or used by composers residing inside the boundaries of the modern day Netherlands, many highly regarded musical societies across Europe had a considerable percentage of members hailing from the Low Countries. One such example is the Guild of Our Lady in Antwerp, Belgium, which was part of the Burgundian Low countries at that time. This fraternity included such distinguished composers as Jacob Obrecht and Noel Bauldeweyn (Elders 23). It should be pointed out that Obrecht had the distinction of being an instructor to Erasmus, the famous writer and Christian humanist, when Obrecht was zangmeester (song master) in Utrecht. Also, Orlando di Lasso, whom some regard as the greatest composer who lived during the second half of the sixteenth century, was born in Mons before being employed in many positions throughout Sicily and Italy. He finally became Kapellmeister (Chapel master) of the Bavarian court in Munich, Germany unt il his death in 1594 (Elders 160). These and other composers’ biographies, show that while the Dutch landscape produced a prolific number of great musicians and composers, the political landscape was not structured in a manner which would normally allow them to stay in their home districts. In the Netherlands, the last three-fourths of the sixteenth century was consumed by the all-pervading influence of the Protestant Reformation, which did not leave any European country (Baroness 97). More than before, Dutch musicians fled the country to find work in more stable countries not at war for their very lives, for on top of the war with Spain, it had become quite dangerous to be publicly Catholic. The Calvinists and Lutherans had taken over the seven Northern provinces, and they believed strongly enough in their new faith to proclaim independence from the Holy Roman Empire. Due to the strong prejudice against Protestants in most of the rest of Europe, many composers had relatives in the clergy, like Josquin Des Prà ¨s’ brother Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, or made certain that their work could not be interpreted in any way other than strictly Catholic (Bergin 128). Others went to Italy, the seat of the Catholic Church, to escape the effects of the wars and the Inquisition . Most Netherlander composers in this period were not â€Å"Dutch† per se in the form we know today, but came from the area known as the â€Å"Spanish Netherlands,† which is modern day Belgium. Many composers, such as George La Hà ¨le, began at the Church of Our Lady and moved on to the courts of Spanish officials in Madrid and other politically important cities in Spain (Elders 157). During the period of the Eighty Year War, and even more so during the Thirty Years’ War, composers concentrated on improving the Mass, as a sort of defense against the Calvinist theological attacks from the Northern Europeans. La Hà ¨le composed at least eight Masses, which were printed in 1578 in Antwerp. These compositions were possibly partially copied from, and certainly profoundly influenced by, earlier works of Josquin, who perfected techniques like ostinato and was the first known composer to use cavato (Elders 37, 157). These techniques can be described as using a short piece of melody and re-using it frequently in the composition without being monotonous. This method can be extremely difficult, and shows the level of skill attained by these talented musicians. Possibly due to the documented mastery of such difficult techniques in the fifteenth century, imitation seems to have been the preferred compositional form in the sixteenth century (Elders 44-8). Johannes Froschius even suggests in his 1535 treatise â€Å"Rerum musicarium opusculum† that musical authors should transcribe the best passages of others’ work to incorporate into one’s own work later. Two main techniques were called â€Å"through-imitation† and â€Å"parody† (Elders 44/46). Many times, as in most examples of through-imitation, the purpose of the imitation was to take a piece which had attained a firm subconscious meaning in the layman’s mind, and use it in a semi-repetitious form in such a way that â€Å"nothing could be added or taken away without destroying the harmony of the whole† (Wittkower 7). In many ways, the musical examples of this method display remarkable similarity to the modern day concept of the â€Å"round.à ¢â‚¬  Parody, far from being an amusing farce, was when a composer decided that clothing an existing text in entirely new music was unnecessary, as such using a model, broken up into sections, with interpolations of various lengths to break up the monotony and suggest to the layman that he may not know this piece after all (Elders 46-8). This form had an extended period of popularity, becoming widely used about 1530, waning only near the beginning of the seventeenth century. However, even when the great composers of the Netherlands felt that previous composers had perfected techniques which they could only copy, they went further to put their great intellects to work at musical symbolism as well. As Elders notes, many composers used gematric symbolism, wherein the addition of the numbers (representing the letters) in an individual’s name determines the number of notes in a composition (76-86). This technique, especially when combined with the previous forms, stands as a gran d testament to the ability of these extremely talented artists. Even though the seventeenth century religious conflicts greatly limited innovation by composers from the Germanic countries, the eighteenth century saw Dutch musical culture become well-known and widely respected throughout Europe. Andrew Becket of England noted that the organ in Haarlem, which was built by Christian Mullar, was able to reproduce a wide variety of sounds, including violins, kettle drums, bird song, and even the human voice (139). He declared that it was played with â€Å"exquisite truth and delicacy,† and a â€Å"divine, enchanting harmony,† but that the twenty or thirty Dutchmen in the church were completely unmoved by the performance (140). Furthermore, John Mackey postponed a trip to Ireland in the early 1700’s when he was given the chance to tour the Netherlands, proclaiming that it was the densest collection of great cities and culture in the world, even greater than Renaissance Italy (1). Obviously, even if the casual observer may not be aw are of the history of sacred music in Europe, the Dutch were remembered well into the eighteenth century, and still have a reputation for a high appreciation of the arts. Currently, the government allocates more than 1% of the Netherlands GDP toward supporting Dutch music, which certainly follows in the grand tradition of this creative population. Naturally, a grand tradition of music so close by was certain to influence others as well. There are many examples of traditions from sacred music which show up in secular compositions by more well known composers such as Bach and Beethoven. In a long period of intellectual darkness, nobles searched far and wide for promising individuals to promote their causes and entertain their households. In the Netherlands, they found composers whose ability greatly surpassed anything they were able to find in their own countries. This allowed Dutch composers to flourish across Europe and also gave them much needed exposure to alternate forms of music to incorporate into their compositions, which they did on a grand scale, influencing many composers and listeners for hundreds of years afterward. Baroness Suzette Van Zuylen Van Nyevelt. Court Life in the Dutch Republic 1638-1689. New York: E. P. Dutton Co, 1906. Becket, Andrew. A Trip to Holland. London: T. Becket, Pall-Mall, 1786. Elders, Willem. Composers of the Low Countries. Translated By Graham Dixon. Oxford, England: Clarendon, 1991. Bergin, Thomas G. The Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1987. Government Printing Office. The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Facts and Figures. The Hague, Nederland: Government Printing Office, 1971. Grove Concise Dictionary of Music, The. Edited By Stanley Sadie, Asst. by Alison Latham. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1988. Klis, Jolande van der. The Essential Guide to Dutch Music:100 Composers and Their Work. Amsterdam, Nederland: Muziekgroep, Amsterdam University Press, 2000. Macky, John. A Journey through the Austrian Netherlands. London: J. Pemberton, 1725. Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language. Second Edition. 1946. Wittkower, R. Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism. Fourth Edition London, 1974. 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APA Term Paper

APA Term Paper APA is short for American Psychological Association; an organization, which has elaborated a set of referencing rules for different fields of study, e.g. education, business, various social studies and, naturally, psychology. Hence an APA term paper means that this particular piece of writing is to be formatted and referenced in full accordance to the specifications, set by American Psychological Association. What Is an APA Term Paper? APA is short for American Psychological Association; an organization, which has elaborated a set of referencing rules for different fields of study, e.g. education, business, various social studies and, naturally, psychology. Hence an APA term paper means that this particular piece of writing is to be formatted and referenced in full accordance with the specifications, set by American Psychological Association. The entire set of rules as to writing APA Term Paper as well as other research papers (see research paper) can be found in the 6th edition of the APA manual, covering all steps in the process of writing, including such issues as general formatting, in-text referencing, footnotes and/or endnotes, bibliography page etc. APA Format APA language and formatting standard requires certain assignment types to be written in accordance with the APA rules. These assignments are related to social and behavioral sciences and include the following assignment types: term papers and research papers, empirical studies and literature reviews, case studies, theoretical and methodological articles. APA Structure Consequently, we can see that if we are to write a term paper, it has to be written according to the APA standards. APA research paper doesn’t only need to be formatted according to APA rules; it has to be written according to the structure that APA prescribes. TERM PAPER FORMAT As shown in the diagram above, the structural components of an APA term paper are:  title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references, and appendices. Basically, each section of the APA term paper should pursue its own logic, for example: Title page is meant to present some basic information about the paper, including title, author, and institution; The abstract section provides an extremely short synopsis of your paper; it only describes the core of your APA term paper. Usually, it takes from one to two paragraphs in length (no more than two); The introduction is meant to provide a gist of the paper to your reader, he or she should be able to understand the essence of your research without actually having to go into it and read it from cover to cover. The introduction must be longer is size than that abstract part; Methods tell your reader what methods of research and data analysis are going to be used in your paper. The research you have conducted has to be completely replicable, and other scholars should be able to verify your results by utilizing the same research methods as you used. Results section presents your reader with the results of your research. Often students get so carried away enumerating their results, that they don’t pay enough attention to the important bits of their research. The discussion is supposed to relate your findings to the methodology section and explain how your results correlate with your methodology. You discussion part can either include the conclusion or have it as another part of the discussion section. References section should reflect all sources of information you have used to complete your research paper. They are organized alphabetically according to APA specifications. Requirements for an APA Term Paper Generally speaking, a term paper written in accordance to APA specifications meets the following requirements: 1. Typed on a standard sheet of paper (8.5† by 11†) 2. Double spaced, Serif font face (typically Times New Roman, 12 pt) 3. Has 1† margins on each side 4. Contain page numbers (upper right-hand corner of each page) 5. Have a running head (must include a 1-2 word version of the term paper title). The page number and the running head are to be separated by a 5-spaced interval 6. Abstract (a 75-100 word description of your essay, summing up its main points and clearly stating the main idea of the essay. The abstract section should immediately follow the title page, the very word Abstract should be centered, and paragraph should follow) 7. Headings (they are not absolutely necessary, but preferable. When putting together a heading dont forget to capitalize every letter of it, with the exception of articles, short prepositions, and conjunctions) 8. Visuals (visuals should be as simple as possible, having a clear label, followed by an Arabic numeral; and include the title of the visual. The label and its title should be positioned on separate lines above the table. Below the table the source is required) HOW TO WRITE A TERM PAPER In case you a looking for a quality APA term paper, our professional writers are always ready to render you academic assistance. APA term paper writing is one of the key services our service provide. We have completed thousands of term papers and know what it takes to write them effectively. Our team of writers is capable of carrying out top-notch research according to the recommendations of the APA organization. Feel free to contact our support staff, who are available 24/7, ready to help you with any kind of writing assignment or place an order and get your professionally written term paper on time. General pricing plan for term paper writing is as follows (prices are in US dollars, cost per page): #get_view(blocks/prices2.php)